同位语的翻译
同位语的翻译在一般英语语法中很少介绍,翻译参考书对此也谈得不多。其实同位语的译法是十分多样化的,简单同位语和复杂同位语在翻译时各有其特点。笔者根据教学和翻译实践提出如下的16种译法。
3. 简单同位语译法
3—1照译(一般是同位语前有逗号、冒号、破折号或用引导词or、namely等引出):
(22)There are two main types of plants:flowering plants and non-flowering plants.
植物主要有两种类型:显花植物和隐花植物。
(23)Our bodies are made up of five parts,namely,the head,neck,trunk,arms and legs.
人体有5部分组成,即头、颈、躯干、上肢和下肢。
3—2顺译
(24)Rods contain the reddish pigment rhodopsin.
视杆细胞含有淡红色素视紫红质。
(25)The artificial sweetener aspartame contains phenylalanine.
人造甜味剂天冬酰苯丙氨酸甲酯含有苯丙氨酸。
3—3倒译:
(26)This phenomenon, the “paradoxical hue shift”, was discovered in 1955 by Giles S. Brindley of Cambridge.
这种“反常颜色转移”现象是剑桥大学的Giles S. Brindly在1955年发现的。
(27)Two factors, force and distance, are included in the units of work.
力和距离两个因素都包含在功的单位内。
3—4不译(这里有两种情况,或者是本位语和同位语两者的译名相同故难以译出,或者是不译出反比译出为佳):
(28)Increased rate of reaction, in the presences of catalyzers, is called catalysis, or catalytic action.
在有催化剂的情况下反应速度的加快叫做催化作用。
(29)The mechanica lenergy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo.
机械能可以利用发电机再转变成为电能。
(30)Unlike oxygen,the element nitrogen is not active.
与氧不一样,氮是不活泼的。
3—5用冒号、括号或破折号:
(31)There are two very common kinds of artificial magnets, the bar magnet and the horseshoe magnet.
有两种很普通的人造磁铁:棒状磁铁和马蹄形磁铁。
(32)When an abscess reaches a surface, either skin or mucous membrane,the overlying tissue becomes necrosed.
当脓肿扩展到体表(皮肤或粘膜)时,覆盖组织成为坏死。
(33)When coal,the remains of plants, is burned, chemical energy is changed into heat energy.
当煤一植物的遗体燃烧时,化学能便转换为热能。
3—6用“即”、“或”等字引导:
(34)The small tubes end in a space shaped like a bunch of grapes——the air cells of the lungs.
小支气管的末端是呈一串葡萄形的空泡,薄肺泡。
(35)Vitamin D,the Sunlight vitamin,was among the first to be discovered.
维生素D,或日光维生素,是最先发现的维生素之一。
3—7译成为“是+表语”:
(36)The lymph nodes——glandlike structure——are situated at certain strategic points in the course of the lymph vessels.
淋巴结是腺状结构,位于淋巴管经过的某些要害部位。
(37)The fourth remedy “the milk diet” appears to enjoy neither a logical basis nor did it confer subjective benefit.
第四种是“牛乳饮食”疗法,这种方法既没有合理的理论基础,也不会给病人带来好处。
4. 复杂同位语译法
复杂同位语在科技英语用得很多,这是因为在英语科技文章中经常需要提出某种术语,某种新的现象或概念,然后加以说明或解释。
复杂同位语因为比较长,所以大部分译成句子的形式:
4一1译成并列句:
(38)Aseptic containers,the laminated paperboard boxes that can store juice and milk for months without refrigeration,are widely popular in Europe and Japan.
无菌容器在欧洲和日本很风行,这种迭层纸板盒可以装盛液汁和牛奶,毋需冰冻,能保藏数月之久。
(39)The researchers said a“myelin deficit”early in life might lead to an irr eversible damaging of brain function, a possibility they are now investigating.
(在本句中they前面省去用作宾语的关系代词that)。
科学家们说,在生命早期“髓鞘质赤字”可导致脑功能不可逆损害,他们正在对这一可能性进行研究。
(40)Pulsars are believed to be neutron stars,objects first predicted theoretically,with about the same mass as our sun. but a radus of only 10 kilometers !
脉冲星被认为是中子星,而中子星是首先在理论上预言存在的物体,它的质量和太阳差不多,而直径只有10公里!
4—2译成并列句,添加“这是”、“这说明”、“这表现出”等字样:
(41)One frequently cited suspect is Epstein-Barr virus,a member of the herpes family that is carried by an estimated 90% of American adults.
经常怀疑到的一种病毒是EB病毒,这是疱疹病毒科中的一员,估计90%的美国成年人都带有这种病毒。
(42)Out of 60 amino acids,51 were identical in both sequences——a remarkable degree of similarity for proteins coded for by such different genes.
在60个氨基酸中有51个两者的頫序是相同的,这说明这些不同的基因所编码的蛋白质有着明显的相似性。
(43)This gene produces flies with half the usual number of body segments, a defect that kills the embryo before it can mature.
这一基因所生出的苍蝇其身体的节段只有正常蝇的一半,这表现出胚在成熟前受到了损害的缺陷。
4一3译成定语从句:
(44)Scientists noted that clams, a food favored by the walrus,dominate much of the gravelly and muddy areas.
科学家们注意到,在大部分砾石和污泥区域中主要是海象喜食的蛤。
(45)These achievements have been accompanied, by some harmful side effects, some that actually threaten our very existence.
这些成就带来了某些实际上威胁人类本身存在的有害副作用。
4一4译成原因从句:
(46)Almost all fish have a swim bladder——a skinlike sack filled with gas, which allows a fish to adjust its density and control its distance from the water surface.
几乎所有的鱼都有一个鳔,因为鳔是一个充满气体的皮囊,使鱼能调节本身的密度以控制沉浮。
(47)He was running fragments of the neighboring ends of the two genes out on a gel,a substance that separates DNA fragments according to size.
他取出这两个基因邻近端的片段,将这些片段置于凝胶上,因为利用这一物质可把DNA片段按其大小分开来。
4一5译成条件从句:
(48)The electronic computer can multiply two10-digit numbers in 1/1000 second, a problem that would take a person five minutes to do with pencil and paper.
电子计算机在千分之一秒内就可以算出两个十位数的乘积,假如一个人用铅笔和纸来做这道算题就得花上5分钟。
(49)A single worker is capable of carrying 300 feet of plastic pipe, a task that would be unlikely with usual metal pipes.
一个工人能够搬运300英尺长的塑料管子,如果是300英尺的通常的金属管子就无法搬动。
4—6译成结果从句:
(50)Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic compound,comparable to cyanide in its ability to block respiration, the process whereby the animal uses oxygen.
硫化氢是一种剧毒化合物,与氰化物不相上下,都能断呼吸活动,因而动物得不到氧。
(51)Complementing major investments in personnel and equipment are less expensive, practicable steps that could also markedly decrease the mortality of sudden cardiac death victims.
对人员和设备作较大的补充投资只需花较少的钱,因此是切实可行的,它亦有助于明显减少心脏猝死患者的死亡率。
4—7译成“是+定语+表语”
(52)Skin burned to the third degree is dead tissue,a breading place for bacteria.
三度烧伤的皮肤变成为死亡组织,是细菌的繁殖场所。
(53)We can come up against the most difficult of all obstacles to contact with people on other planets——the astronomical distance which separates us.
在与其他星球上的人联系这一问题上,我们可能碰到的所有障碍中最大的障碍是横在我们与他们之间的天文距离。
4—8和简单同位语一样,复合同位语中的同位语本身可省去不译,只译其后的定语(从句)部分:
(54)Someone plagued by an excess of the chemical may have a broken turn-off switch, a defect that can lead to hypertension, arrhythmias and sudden death.
有些人因这种化学物质含量过多而可使控制开关失灵,导致高血压、心律失常和猝死。
(55)During embryogenesis, a fruit fly undergoes an astonishing transformation,a process by which a single cell, the fertilized egg, blossoms into the millions of specialized, cells of the adult.
果蝇在胚胎发生过程中要经历一种惊人的转化,也就是一个细胞(受精卵)繁殖成为成年果蝇的数百万个专门化细胞。
4—9和简单同位语一样,翻译时也可用括号:
(56)Hyperactive children given strong doses of phenylalanine, au amino acid found in some foods, may show behavior improvements.
多动症儿童服用了大剂量的苯丙氨酸(一种存在于某些食物中的氨基酸)后其多动行为可得到改善。
(57)It's composed of a specific sequence of 180 molecules, called base pairs, the molecules that make up the rungs of the double helix.
它是由叫做碱基对的180个分子(这些分子构成DNA双螺旋间的横档)的特殊排列组成的。