(同济大学副教授)

英语骈合结构,又称“多枝共干”结构。它是很有趣的一种结构。如一个动词可以共两个或几个宾语;一个名词可以共两个或几个定语;两个或几个名词也可以共一个定语,两个或几个介词也可以共一个宾语……等:其特点是行文简洁,避免重复。骈合结构在科技英语书刊中经常出现,数量丰富,有时容易引起理解困难。例如:

1. The author has written many novels and plays on social problems.

原译:这个作者写过许多小说和关于社会问题的剧本。

改译:这个作者写过许多关于社会问题的小说和剧本。(两个名词novels和plays共一个定语on social problems。)

2. He has read some political and technical treatises.

原译:他读过几篇政治和科技的论文

改译:他读过几篇政治论文和科技论文。(两个形容词political and technical共一个名词treatises。)

3. It is now strictly true that scarcely a fly or mosquito can be seen in the town and cholera smallpox are no more.

原译:城镇里几乎看不到什么苍蝇和蚊子,这是千真万确的,而且霍乱和天花已经绝迹。

改译:城镇里几乎看不到什么苍蝇和蚊子,霍乱和天花已经绝迹,这是千真万确的。(cholera and smallpox are no more前面省略了that。这句句首的it引出两个主语从句,是两个主语从句共一个谓语。)

在翻译骈合结构时,一般采用重复译法,即重复译出那些共同部分,要特别注意:按照汉语的习惯处理好词与词之间的搭配,避免顾此失彼之弊。下面着重讲解科技英语中常见的骈合结构的四个问题。

—、动宾搭配

一句英语中,几个宾语共用一个动词时,为了避免歧义,使句子明确达意,在采用重复译法时,要注意及物动词与宾语搭配得是否适当,合不合习惯,防止叶圣陶先生所指出“类乎喝饭”的动宾配合不当(人民日报,1950.5.24),即要做到“动词所表示的动作必须能以宾语所表示的事物为对象,或者说,宾语所表示的事物必须能接受动词所表示的动作支配;否则这个组合就不健全”。(张志公:“语法学习讲话”修订本,第27页)例如:

4. Turbine blades must be able to withstand creep and corrosion. (涡轮机叶片应能蠕变腐蚀。)

5. Use of these probes eliminates the problems and errors associated with wet chemical analysis.

这些探测器的使用,解决了由湿法化学分析所产生的问题,并消除了湿法化学分析法的误差。

6. The main problem of very large stores is finding one's way about them,but if they are large in information capacity,but small in physical dimensions,with present day techniques much time and cost can be saved. 大容量存储器的主要问题在于寻址,但做到信息存储量大而体积又小,再加上现代技术,那就能节省大量时间并大大降低成本。

二、定语与被修饰词的搭配

当英语几个被修饰词共一个定语,或一个被修饰词共几个定语时,在采用重复译法时,也须注意定语与被修饰词配合得是否相应。遇到不合乎汉语的搭配习惯时,可以把定语的词义加以引申,以适应被修饰词。例如:

7. Vertical lathe is suitable for turning heavy and short work-pieces. 立式车床适合于车削粗而短的工件:(不译“重而短的工件”)

8. However,the development of new electrodes and new welding techniques has greatly altered our concept of what weldable material is.

然而,新焊条的研制和焊接新技术的成就,已经大大改变了我们对可焊材料的概念。(不译“…发展”)

9. The ability to eliminate weld undercut and control weld shape at high welding currents and speeds is a key feature of multi-electrode welding.

当电流大和焊速时,避免咬边和控制焊缝成形是多丝焊的关键问题。(不译“电流高”)

三、介词与宾语的搭配

介词后面往往就是它的宾语。但有时为了行文简洁,避免重复,出现几个介词共用一个宾语的结构。这样,在一个介词后面紧跟的不是它的宾语,而是另有连词和其他成分,因而引起理解困难。几个介词共一个宾语的一般结构是:某一成分+介词+并列连词+另一相同成分+介词+共用宾语。遇此情况,第一个介词后面必有并列连词,只要把这个连词及其连接的成分去掉,后面那个名词往往就是几个介词共用的宾语了。例如:

10. This system neither receives energy from,nor gives energy to,any body outside it. 此系统既不从它外界的任何物体吸收能量,也不能量释放外界的任何物体。(from和to共一个宾语body。)

11. The sum of or difference between normal distributions is also a normal distribution.

正态分布之和或差也是正态分布。(of和between共一个宾词normal distributions,前一个介词后面省略了normal distributions. 前面省略,后面出现。又两个介词短语作后置定语修饰主语,sum和difference。)

12. Full details of calculations must be given,and all input data for,and relevant output from,computer programs listed. 必须提供全部计算细节,列出计算机程序的全部输入数据和有关的输出数据。(for和from共一个宾语computer programs)。

13. A chemical element is usually defined as a substance which the chemist cannot form from,or decompose into,other substances. 通常把化学元素定义为这样一种物质:化学家既不能用其他物质来合成它,也不能把它分解为其他物质。(from和into共一个宾语substances)。

四、骈合结构的错综搭配

—句英语中,有时不一定只单独使用上述某一种多枝共干的结构,而是交相错杂几种形式,形成错综的特殊结构,这不但行文简洁,而且避免单调呆板。例如:

14. It is necessary to determine how proposed water development plans are affected by,and may in turn affect,sediment concentration and water quality.)

必须确定泥沙汇集和水质对拟议中的水利开发计划有何影响,以及该计划对泥沙汇集和水质又可能有什么影响。(介词by和及物动词affect共用宾语sediment concentration and water quality. )

15. Great use of advanced telemetry and data processing techniques can be foreseen where mine safety and where economics may result from their introduction. 在那些由于引进先进的遥测技术和数据处理技术而会带来矿山安全和经济效益的地方,可以预见,这些先进的技术将得到广泛地使用。(两个介词短语of……and(of)作后置定语,共一个名词use;两个where并列从句中的两个主语,共一个谓语部分may result from their introduction. )。

16. The loading density for each pattern can bevaried every three or four holes from slightly above to slightly below the suggested loading density.

每个孔网的装载密度可以每三、四个孔变动一次,从略高于设计密度到略低于设计密度。(=……from slightly above the suggested,loading density to slightly below the suggested loading density。两个配对的介词后面的各个宾语是前置词+名词,其中above和below又共一个宾语the suggested loading density。这种错综搭配,译时切忌大意,以免错误。)

17. Saturated steam is that which is in the presence ofand at the same temperature as the water from which it was evaporated. 饱和蒸汽和蒸发的水同时存在,而且温度相同。(in the presence of和at the same temperature两个介词短语作表语共一个联系动词。is. the water既作介词of的宾语,又作as从句的主语。错综交叉,只要细心便可看出。)

近年来,骈合结构已经出现一些新颖表现法,下面略举数例,读来令人新奇。

18. This new technique has increased instead of decreased our output.(our output共两个谓语has increased和(has)decreased。)

这项新技术提高产量,而不是降低产量

19. At high altitudes the air pressure is low,so that water will boil at temperatures below instead of at 100℃.在海拔高的地方气压很低,以致水的沸点低于100℃,而不是100℃。(谓语will boil共两个状语at temperature below和at 100°C。)

20. Practice,and practice only is the yardstick for measuring truth.

实践,而且也只有实践,才是检验真理的标准。(is the yardstick…共两个practice。)

21,The fact that an electric torpedo can be launched,make its run and strike with little warning makes it useful by submarines,which can often complete and retire from an attack without coming under observation. 电鱼雷可以出其不意地发射、推进和进攻,因此正适合于潜艇之用。潜艇往往可以在敌人不知不觉中完成攻击撤退。(with little warning是状语,共两个谓语can. be launched和can make。名词an attack共两个谓语can complete和[can]retire from。)