科技文体的特征之一是描述的客观性,避免主观因素和主观色彩。被动语态是文字表达客观化的手段之一,这在英语科技文体中表现得特别突出,例如 :

As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently,a geological survey of the underground, rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled,a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves——John Swales,《Writing Scientific English》(由于石油深埋地下,靠研究地面,不能确定石油的有无。因此,对地下岩层结构必须进行地质勘测。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油、则在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井架”。井架用来吊升分节油管,把油管放入由钻头打出的孔中。当孔钻成时,放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌。如发现石油,则在油管顶部紧固地加盖,使石油通过一系列阀门流出。)在上述一小段英语科技文体中,全部十四个谓语动词中,有十三个用了被动语态,而且都是现在时态(属于timeless“零时态”),表示没有时间性的陈述。

比较之下,在非科技文体中一般不宜过多使用被动语态,若使用不当,会使句子缺乏力量或破坏语句的连贯性。试比较:

a. We ordered the goods, and they were received by ug in time.

b. Your letter has been received and carefully read by me.

c. That was a crisis in my life which will never be forgotten.

a句中第二部分不必要地用了被动语态,破坏了语句间的和谐;b和c两句用被动语态更无道理,因为没有必要突出句中的客体,不如用主动语态有力。上述三句应改成:

a. We ordered the goods,and received them in time.(我们订购了那批货物,并按时收到。)

b. I have received your letter and carefully read it. (收到来函、我认真地看了。)

c. That was a crisis in my life which I will never forget. (那是我一生中铭心不忘的一次危难。)

我国学生在翻译中常易混淆主动语态与被动语态。如:

1. Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds

误:大量的研究工作需要产生这样神奇的速度。

正:为了达到这种神奇的速度,需要进行大量的研究工作。

注:is required是被动语态,需要的是主语“大量的研究工作”。汉译时可将主语变为宾语。

2. Here,then are the questions the author thought the average people would like answered.

误:下面是作者认为一般人想解答的问题。

正:下面是作者认为一般人想得到解答的问题。

注:句中answered是过去分词,被动意义,作“被解答”解。意思是the average people would like the questions to be answered by the author. (“—般人想要作者来解答这些问题。”)

—般来说,主动语态和被动语态是由“be+过去分词”来表示的。但是,“be+过去分词”并不是表示被动语态的唯一方式。就行为(action)角度来说,名词、形容词、分词、介词短语及动词本身等,都可以用主动形式来表示被动意思。不搞清楚这一问题,翻译时可能会遇到障碍。

一、名词

1. 名词后缀-ee表示动作的承受者,是被动的。后级-er,-or表示动作的执行者,是主动的,试比较:

trainee受训者                      trainer训练员

Jessee承租人                       lessor出租人

payee受款人                        payer付款人

veudee买主                          vendor卖主

employee雇工,受雇者        employer雇主

addressee收件人                  addresser(-or)发件人

2. 有些动词的过去分词与定冠词连用(过去分词名词化),表示具有某种性质的一类人物,有被动含义。如:the exploited被剥削者(exploiter剥削者);the appointed被任命的人;the accused被告;the wounded负伤者;the condemned被判处死刑者…等

3. 有些动作名词与所有格连用,含被动概念。如:treatment of T. B. (肺病的治疗);manufacture of chocolate(巧克力的制造);Reminiscences of Einstein回忆爱因斯坦(误译:“爱因斯坦的回忆录”。这里of是行为与受事的关系,而不是行为与施事的关系。)

二、形容词

以-able,-ible结尾的形容词,以及由过去分词转换的形容词,大多数含被动意义。如:visible stars(看得见的星星);tillable land{可耕地);navigable rivers(可通航的河流);the gulf impassible(不可通航的海湾)等。

The watch is exchangeable if it is not satisfactory. 此手表如不合意,可以更换。

Ten is divisible by five. 10能被5除尽。

Heat is a form of energy into which all other forms are convertible. 热是能的一种形式,其他一切能的形式都可转变为热能。

The range of sounds audible by man is from 20 to 20,000 vibrations per second. 人类能听到声音的音域,是每秒钟20 ~ 20000次振动。

此外,形容词worth作表语时,后接作宾语的动名词多用主动形式表示被动意思。如:

This is not worth refuting. 这不值得一驳。

三、介词短语

某些介词与动作名词或动名词连用时,也可表示被动意思。如in design,in question(正被谈论的),on display,on show,out of repair,past recovery(无法康复),above criticizm(不受到批评),under discussion(在讨论中),beyond control(无法控制),below notice(不值得注意)等。

The boiler is under repair. 这台锅炉正在修理中。

This new freighter is near completion. 这艘新货轮即将竣工。

The house is in course of construction. 这房子正在建筑中。

The typewriter has been out of use for several years. 这台打字机已有数年不用了。

For several months he has been under treatment for a gastric ulcer. 他治疗胃溃疡已有数月了。

有个别介词短语,用冠词时表示被动意思,不用冠词时表示主动意思。试比较:

a. All the deeds are now in the possession of our solicitor. 所有契约现由我方律师保管。(被动)

b. Who is in possession of the property?谁占有这些财产?(主动)

四、动词

1. 在及物动词need,want,require,deserve,stand(=bear)等后面,可接主动形式的动名词表达被动含义。如:

This is one of those questions that don't need answering. 这是一个不需要回答的问题。(answering=to be answered)

These young seedlings will require looking after carefully,这些幼苗需要细心照料。(looking=to be looked)

2. 某些不及物动词(如:draw,sell,makeup,fill,act,cut,wash,read,photograph,iron,cook,spoil等)的主动形式、可表示被动意义、其特点是,语法上的主语是逻辑上的宾语。如:

Bicycles cannot compare with cars in speed. 在速度上,自行车不能与汽车相比。

Butter won't spread when it has been in the fridge. —直放在冰箱里的黄油不易涂抹。

Goods of that quality will never sell. 如此质量的商品绝对卖不出去。

This piece of cloth will make up into three suits. 这块布料可做三套衣服。

3. 某些表示状态特征的连系动词,如look,smell sound,prove,appear,turn out等的主动形式表示

被动意义。例如:

The results proved to be correct. 结果证明是正确的。

The rocket appeared about 12 ~ 15 feet in diameter. 看来,这枚火箭的直径约有12 ~ 15英尺。

4. 不定式的主动形式在下面几种结构中常常表示被动意义:

(1)不定式作定语:Is there anything else to put on the agenda?还有什么要列入议程的?

(2)不定式作表语:These small houses are to let at a low rental. 这些小屋将以低价出租。

5. 反身动词+反身代词  反身动词用主动形式,作宾语的反身代词就是主语本身,主语与宾语均指主体,故含被动意思。如:

The population of the country has doubled itself in the past ten years. 在过去十年里,该国人口翻了一番。(has doubled itself相当于has been doubled)

6. get或become+过去分词表示被动含义。例如:

Beatrice became more and more influenced by Randal's arguments. 比阿特里斯越来越受到兰德论点的影响。

His masterpiece eventually got translated into ten languages. 他的代表作终于被译成十种文字。

五、分词

这里指的是过去分词,大多数具有被动的含义,例如:

oppressed nations         被压迫民族

armed forces                   武装部队

boiled water                     开水

stricken area                     灾区

smoked fish                     熏鱼

canned food                     罐头食品

不过,由少数不及物动词构成的过去分词用作形容词时,其词义却是主动概念。如:the risen sun(升起的太阳),fallen leaves(落叶),returned students(归国留学生),the exploded bomb(爆炸的炸弹),the vanished jewels(失去的珠宝),escaped prisoners(逃犯)…等。

要特别注意的是,在专利说明书中有said—词,使用频繁。said原为say的过去分词,在科技专利文献中已转化为形容词,意为“上述的”。用said的目的在于明确所指,在上文出现过的表示器具或物品的名词,在下文再出现时,往往用said。它的实际作用相当于定冠词the。由于said的大量使用,the在科技专利文献中的词频反而降低了。例如:

Apparatus according to claim I wherein said urging means comprises a spring with an end fixed to said cylinder and the other to said second movable piston, said spring being loaded to as to exert an embossing pressure against said second piston when said movable die member is in contact with said blank. 根据权项要求1所述的设备中,推顶装置包括一个弹簧,其一端固定于缸体上,另一端固定于第二活塞;该弹簧是加载的,故在活动的模具构件与空白工件接触时,它对第二活塞产生压印压力。(原文中七个said,各有所指,其中两个said置于序数词之前,即said second movable piston和said second piston。在一般场合下,序数词之前要用定冠词the,这里用了法律用语said,使科技文体显得更正式、更严谨。)

(待续)                     练习(请参阅第八讲)